Nicol�s de Pi�rola Villena, born on January 5, 1839, in Arequipa, was one of the most influential and controversial figures in Peruvian political history. He served twice as president of Peru, first from 1879 to 1881 during the War of the Pacific, and later from 1895 to 1899. Pi�rola is best known for his efforts to modernize the Peruvian state, although his political career was marked by coups d'�tat and uprisings.

Pi�rola began his career as a politician and economist, holding various government positions before aspiring to the presidency. In 1879, as Peru was embroiled in a war with Chile (the War of the Pacific), Pi�rola overthrew the government of Mariano Ignacio Prado in a military coup. He assumed the presidency during a difficult period, with the country suffering military defeats and facing internal crises.

Under Pi�rola�s leadership, Lima fell to Chilean forces in 1881, and his government could not prevent the occupation of the capital. After this defeat, Pi�rola was forced to resign and temporarily withdrew from political life. The War of the Pacific, which ended with Chile's victory, remains a dark period in Peru's history, and Pi�rola is often criticized for his handling of the war and his inability to effectively mobilize the country against the Chilean invasion.

Despite this failure, Pi�rola made a triumphant return to politics in 1895, leading a rebellion that overthrew President Andr�s Avelino C�ceres. This time, he embarked on an ambitious program of reforms aimed at modernizing Peru. He reorganized the military, stabilized the economy, and promoted fiscal and administrative reforms. His government implemented policies to strengthen the country's infrastructure and modernized governmental institutions.

One of Pi�rola's greatest achievements was the 1895 reform of the Peruvian constitution, which strengthened democratic institutions and introduced reforms to limit military influence in politics. His second term is often seen as a period of stabilization and modernization for Peru after decades of political turmoil and authoritarian regimes.

After leaving office in 1899, Pi�rola retired from political life, though his influence endured. He remained a respected but controversial figure, both for his role during the War of the Pacific and for his lasting impact on Peru's political system. He died on June 23, 1913, in Lima.

Nicol�s de Pi�rola is today regarded as both a reformer and a modernizer, though his legacy is overshadowed by the mistakes made during the War of the Pacific. His ability to lead and stabilize the country in the years following the war is often highlighted as one of the most significant moments in 19th-century Peruvian politics.