WikiPeru • The Encyclopedia of Peru
Andrés de Santa Cruz is a key figure in South American history, particularly in Peru and Bolivia. Born on December 5, 1792, in La Paz (then part of the Spanish Empire, now in modern-day Bolivia), Santa Cruz played a crucial role in the region’s independence struggles and served as president of both Peru and Bolivia. He is best known for founding the Peru-Bolivian Confederation, a political union between the two nations that marked a period of great political ambition and conflict in The Andes.
Born into an aristocratic family, Santa Cruz received a high-quality education and initially served in the Spanish army. However, as independence movements swept across Latin America, he joined the patriotic forces, fighting alongside key independence leaders, including Simón Bolívar. Santa Cruz played an active role in the campaigns that led to the independence of both Bolivia and Peru, gaining a reputation as a capable military strategist and charismatic leader.
After independence, Santa Cruz took on several important political roles, including serving as president of Bolivia from 1829 to 1839. During his presidency, he sought to modernize Bolivia and stabilize its political and economic institutions. He introduced fiscal and judicial reforms aimed at strengthening state authority and improving public administration.
In 1836, Santa Cruz achieved his most ambitious political project: the creation of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation, which united Peru and Bolivia under a single political entity. The Confederation was divided into three states: Bolivia, Southern Peru, and Northern Peru. Santa Cruz hoped this union would bring stability to the region and promote economic prosperity through better cooperation between the two nations.
However, the Confederation was poorly received by neighboring countries, particularly Chile and Argentina, which viewed the new entity as a potential threat to the balance of power in South America. In 1839, a Chilean-Argentine coalition went to war against the Confederation, a conflict known as the War of the Confederation. After several battles, Santa Cruz’s forces were defeated at the Battle of Yungay in January 1839, marking the end of the Confederation.
Following his defeat, Santa Cruz was forced into exile and spent much of his later years in Europe, primarily in France. He made several attempts to return to politics but was unsuccessful. He died in exile on September 25, 1865, in Beauvoir, France.
Andrés de Santa Cruz remains a complex figure in Latin American history. On one hand, he is recognized for his role in modernizing and organizing the Andean states and for his vision of a union between Peru and Bolivia. On the other hand, his Confederation project was seen as a threat by neighboring countries and led to conflicts that weakened both nations. Nevertheless, he remains an important figure in the historical memory of both Peru and Bolivia.