WikiPeru • The Encyclopedia of Peru
José de San Martín, often referred to as the "Liberator of The Andes," is one of the most significant figures in the independence of South America. Born on February 25, 1778, in Yapeyú, in present-day Argentina, San Martín played a crucial role in the liberation of Argentina, Chile, and Peru from Spanish rule. His legacy remains deeply embedded in the history of these countries, both as a military leader and statesman.
After spending much of his youth in Spain, where he received military training, San Martín served in the Spanish army and took part in various military campaigns across Europe. However, in 1812, inspired by independence movements in South America and Enlightenment ideals, he returned to Argentina to join the struggle for independence from the Spanish Crown.
In Argentina, he organized the Army of The Andes, a military force that would prove decisive in the fight for independence in the region. In 1817, San Martín led the daring crossing of The Andes with his army to attack Spanish forces in Chile. This campaign, marked by difficult conditions and brilliant military tactics, resulted in a decisive victory at the Battle of Chacabuco, paving the way for Chile’s independence in 1818.
After liberating Chile, San Martín turned his attention to Peru, the last stronghold of Spanish colonial power in South America. In 1820, he launched a military expedition to Peru with the help of the Chilean navy, under Admiral Cochrane’s command. San Martín landed in Paracas and began a campaign to liberate Lima, which culminated in the declaration of Peru’s independence on July 28, 1821. He was then named "Protector of Peru" and assumed temporary political power to consolidate the new republic.
San Martín believed that Peru's independence could only be fully secured through a united effort with Simón Bolívar, another great South American liberator. However, after their famous meeting in Guayaquil in 1822, San Martín decided to withdraw from political and military life, leaving Bolívar to continue the fight for the liberation of the rest of South America.
After his retirement, San Martín spent his remaining years in voluntary exile in Europe, primarily in France, where he lived modestly with his daughter. He died in Boulogne-sur-Mer on August 17, 1850.
General José de San Martín remains a revered figure in Argentina, Chile, and Peru, as a hero of independence. His military leadership, strategic brilliance, and commitment to freedom shaped much of modern South America. Today, he is celebrated as one of the great heroes of Latin American history.